March 16, 2018
GLASS
Capturing the dance of light
A Glass, in one form or another, has long been in noble service to
humans As one of the most widely used of manufactured materials, and certainly
the most versatile, it can be as imposing as a telescope mirror the width of a
tennis court or as small and simple as a marble rolling across dirt The uses of
this adaptable material have been broadened dramatically by new technologies
glass fibre optics — more than eight million miles — carrying telephone and
television signals across nations, glass ceramics serving as the nose cones of
missiles and as crowns for teeth; tiny glass beads taking radiation doses
inside the body to specific organs, even a new type of glass fashioned of
nuclear waste in order to dispose of that unwanted material.
B On the horizon are optical computers These could store programs
and process information by means of light - pulses from tiny lasers - rather
than electrons And the pulses would travel over glass fibres, not copper wire
These machines could function hundreds of times faster than today’s electronic
computers and hold vastly more information Today fibre optics are used to obtain
a clearer image of smaller and smaller objects than ever before - even
bacterial viruses. A new generation of optical instruments is emerging that can
provide detailed imaging of the inner workings of cells. It is the surge in
fibre optic use and in liquid crystal displays that has set the U.S. glass
industry (a 16 billion dollar business employing some 150,000 workers) to
building new plants to meet demand.
C But it is not only in technology and commerce that glass has widened its horizons. The use of glass as art, a tradition spins back at least to Roman times, is also booming. Nearly everywhere, it seems, men and women are blowing glass and creating works of art. «I didn’t sell a piece of glass until 1975,» Dale Chihuly said, smiling, for in the 18 years since the end of the dry spell, he has become one of the most financially successful artists of the 20th century. He now has a new commission - a glass sculpture for the headquarters building of a pizza company - for which his fee is half a million dollars.
D But not all the glass technology that touches our lives is ultra-modern. Consider the simple light bulb; at the turn of the century most light bulbs were hand blown, and the cost of one was equivalent to half a day’s pay for the average worker. In effect, the invention of the ribbon machine by Corning in the 1920s lighted a nation. The price of a bulb plunged. Small wonder that the machine has been called one of the great mechanical achievements of all time. Yet it is very simple: a narrow ribbon of molten glass travels over a moving belt of steel in which there are holes. The glass sags through the holes and into waiting moulds. Puffs of compressed air then shape the glass. In this way, the envelope of a light bulb is made by a single machine at the rate of 66,000 an hour, as compared with 1,200 a day produced by a team of four glassblowers.
E The secret of the versatility of glass lies in its interior structure. Although it is rigid, and thus like a solid, the atoms are arranged in a random disordered fashion, characteristic of a liquid. In the melting process, the atoms in the raw materials are disturbed from their normal position in the molecular structure; before they can find their way back to crystalline arrangements the glass cools. This looseness in molecular structure gives the material what engineers call tremendous “formability” which allows technicians to tailor glass to whatever they need.
F Today, scientists continue to experiment with new glass mixtures and building designers test their imaginations with applications of special types of glass. A London architect, Mike Davies, sees even more dramatic buildings using molecular chemistry. “Glass is the great building material of the future, the «dynamic skin»,’ he said. “Think of glass that has been treated to react to electric currents going through it, glass that will change from clear to opaque at the push of a button, that gives you instant curtains. Think of how the tall buildings in New York could perform a symphony of colours as the glass in them is made to change colours instantly.” Glass as instant curtains is available now, but the cost is exorbitant. As for the glass changing colours instantly, that may come true. Mike Davies’s vision may indeed be on the way to fulfilment.
[ Adapted from “Glass: Capturing the Dance of Light” by William S. Ellis, National Geographic. ]
Questions 1-5
C But it is not only in technology and commerce that glass has widened its horizons. The use of glass as art, a tradition spins back at least to Roman times, is also booming. Nearly everywhere, it seems, men and women are blowing glass and creating works of art. «I didn’t sell a piece of glass until 1975,» Dale Chihuly said, smiling, for in the 18 years since the end of the dry spell, he has become one of the most financially successful artists of the 20th century. He now has a new commission - a glass sculpture for the headquarters building of a pizza company - for which his fee is half a million dollars.
D But not all the glass technology that touches our lives is ultra-modern. Consider the simple light bulb; at the turn of the century most light bulbs were hand blown, and the cost of one was equivalent to half a day’s pay for the average worker. In effect, the invention of the ribbon machine by Corning in the 1920s lighted a nation. The price of a bulb plunged. Small wonder that the machine has been called one of the great mechanical achievements of all time. Yet it is very simple: a narrow ribbon of molten glass travels over a moving belt of steel in which there are holes. The glass sags through the holes and into waiting moulds. Puffs of compressed air then shape the glass. In this way, the envelope of a light bulb is made by a single machine at the rate of 66,000 an hour, as compared with 1,200 a day produced by a team of four glassblowers.
E The secret of the versatility of glass lies in its interior structure. Although it is rigid, and thus like a solid, the atoms are arranged in a random disordered fashion, characteristic of a liquid. In the melting process, the atoms in the raw materials are disturbed from their normal position in the molecular structure; before they can find their way back to crystalline arrangements the glass cools. This looseness in molecular structure gives the material what engineers call tremendous “formability” which allows technicians to tailor glass to whatever they need.
F Today, scientists continue to experiment with new glass mixtures and building designers test their imaginations with applications of special types of glass. A London architect, Mike Davies, sees even more dramatic buildings using molecular chemistry. “Glass is the great building material of the future, the «dynamic skin»,’ he said. “Think of glass that has been treated to react to electric currents going through it, glass that will change from clear to opaque at the push of a button, that gives you instant curtains. Think of how the tall buildings in New York could perform a symphony of colours as the glass in them is made to change colours instantly.” Glass as instant curtains is available now, but the cost is exorbitant. As for the glass changing colours instantly, that may come true. Mike Davies’s vision may indeed be on the way to fulfilment.
[ Adapted from “Glass: Capturing the Dance of Light” by William S. Ellis, National Geographic. ]
Questions 1-5
Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs (A-F). Choose the most suitable
heading/or each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the
appropriate numbers (i-x) in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. Paragraph A
has been done for you as an example.
NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them. You may use any heading more at once.
NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them. You may use any heading more at once.
Example
Answer
Paragraph A X
Paragraph A X
List
of Headings
______________________________________
______________________________________
i
Growth in the market for glass crafts
ii
Computers and their dependence on glass
iii
What makes glass so adaptable
iv
Historical development of glass
v
Scientists’ dreams cost millions
vi
Architectural experiments with glass
vii
Glass art galleries flourish
viii Exciting
innovations in fibre optics
ix
A former glass technology
x
Everyday uses of glass
______________________________________
1 Paragraph B
2 Paragraph C
3 Paragraph D
4 Paragraph E
5 Paragraph F
2 Paragraph C
3 Paragraph D
4 Paragraph E
5 Paragraph F
Questions 6-8
The diagram below
shows the principle of Coming’s ribbon machine. Label the diagram by
selecting NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage to
fill each numbered space. Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.
Questions 9-13
Look at the list below of the uses of glass. According to the passage, state whether these uses
exist today, will exist in the future or are not mentioned by the writer.
Look at the list below of the uses of glass. According to the passage, state whether these uses
exist today, will exist in the future or are not mentioned by the writer.
In boxes 9-13 write
A if the uses exist today
B if the uses will exist in the future
C if the uses are not mentioned by the writer
09
dental fittingsA if the uses exist today
B if the uses will exist in the future
C if the uses are not mentioned by the writer
10 optical computers
11 sculptures
12 fashions
13 curtains
Click the Line to Show/Hide Answers
- 1. viii
- 2. i
- 3. ix
- 4. iii
- 5. vi
- 6. molten glass/ ribbon of glass/ molten glass ribbon
- 7. belt of steel/ steel belt/ moving belt
- 8. (lightbulb) moulds
- 9. A
- 10. B
- 11. A
- 12. C
- 13. A
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